The American Journey, David Goldfield Et Al - 1555 Words

In The American Journey, David Goldfield et al. state that â€Å"Americans in the 1930s wanted no part of another overseas war by a wide margin.† Americans were still recovering for the ramifications of World War I and feared our intervention in any foreign conflict. In the fall of 1941, their reluctance was still abounding even though Germany achieved many victories abroad, the British were toiling to save their empire and Japan’s monumental aggression towards China escalated. In fact, Goldfield et al. noted that, â€Å"President Roosevelt’s challenge was to lead the United States toward rearmament and support for Great Britain and China without alarming the public.† Unfortunately, the aftermaths of World War I had set the tone for World War II since many small new nations in Europe felt the upper hand of Germany, Japan, Italy and the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the United States was not highly regarded by these nations, especially Japan, whose nationa lists felt that they were unjustly treated after World War I. As much as the United States was trying to remain neutral and President Roosevelt wanted Americans to stay out of World War I, the inevitable came to fruition when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Goldfield et al. indicated that, â€Å"Speaking to Congress the following day, Roosevelt proclaimed December 7, 1941, â€Å"a date which will live in infamy.† He asked for and got a declaration of war against Japan. Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United StatesShow MoreRelatedSlavery During The 19th Century1636 Words   |  7 Pagestransformed from an issue of politics into a moral campaign during the period of 1815-1860, ultimately polarizing the North and the South to the point in which threats of a Southern disunion would mark the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 (Goldfield et. al, The American Journey, p. 281). The decline of slavery in the upper South in the early 19th century can be identified as a profound change which would contribute to the eventual division of the nation. After 1830, the pattern of regional slavery in theRead MoreThe Contribution of American Women to the Abolitionist Movement1803 Words   |  8 Pagesrole of women in American History. During the Abolitionist Movement, it was thought that the duties of women were confined within the home (Boylan 363). While most women of the time agreed with this statement, there were many who did not. This change of attitude started during the Great Awakening (Baker 623). Eliza Wilkinson wrote, â€Å"I won’t have it thought that because we are the weaker sex as to bodily strength we are capable of nothing more than domestic concerns† (Goldfield, et al. 171). During this

Theodore Roosevelt The First Modern President Of The...

Theodore Roosevelt is widely thought of as the first modern President of the United States. The influence that the office has today began to develop during Roosevelt’s time in office. His impact is one that will not be forgotten. Theodore Roosevelt made many great contributions to the world. He was born into a prestigious and wealthy family on October 27, 1858 in New York City. He was given the nickname Teddy by his parents Theodore and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt and his three brothers and sisters. Suffering with asthma and weak eyesight, he actively engaged in sports such as boxing and horseback riding in order to strengthen himself. His youthful fascination with nature led him to spend as much time as possible outdoors. Private tutors educated him until entering Harvard University, where he had began to work on his first historical book, The Naval War of 1812 (1882). His book was made a reading requirement to be able to join the Naval Academy in Annapolis for many years. He then went onto attending Columbia Law School, but quit after two years without attaining a degree. He then met his wife, Alice Hathaway Lee, whom he married on his 22nd birthday, and soon after joined the Republican Party. On November 8, 1881 he was elected into the New York State Assembly, where he was the youngest man to be elected. He then joined the National Guard on August 1, 1882 and was promoted to captain after only one year. Once finished with serving in the National Guard, he establishedShow MoreRelatedThe First Modern President Of The United States1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Modern President of the United States: Theodore D. Roosevelt Some may wonder why Theodore Roosevelt would deserve the title â€Å"the First Modern President†. He accomplished many things, and although he was liked by most, he promised he would not run a second term. In his short four years as president, Theodore Roosevelt was able to pass many acts such as: Dolliver-Hepburn Railroad Act, Extension of Forest Reserve, National Irrigation Act, Improvement of waterways and reservation of waterpowerRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : The Hero Of The Spanish American War1028 Words   |  5 PagesTheodore Roosevelt originally came into the national spotlight as the hero of the Spanish-American War when he led a charge against the Spanish during the battle of San Juan Hill. However, a military background isn’t the only thing Roosevelt and Andrew Jackson have in common, they both believed that the president had a mandate from the people to lead. This led Roosevelt to increase the power of the executive office in very similar ways to Jackson. Roosevelt believed in a very strong executive andRead MoreSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined1700 Words   |  7 PagesSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined the American Nation. Teddy Roosevelt was forty-three years old when he took the office of Presidency, making him the youngest president in U.S. History. To many, he was the first modern day president. Roosevelt truly expanded the power of the presidency dramatically with his Square Deal, and Foreign Policy. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City to an affluent family. DueRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Impact On Theu.s Navy1182 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Naval History Leader’s Paper Theodore Roosevelt’s Impact on the U.S Navy Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States, as well as the Secretary of the Navy prior to his presidency. The man was a known intellectual, with strong diplomatic skills and a strong sense of accomplishing the mission. One of these missions was the establishment of a strong permanent Navy that would become one of the largest in the world, establishing the United States as imperialistic country, readyRead MorePresident Roosevelt: Steward of the People Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesTheodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States and made a huge impact on the world. Not only was he the youngest President at age 42, but he was also a greatly respected war hero (Theodore Roosevelt). He was also the first US President to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Theodore Roosevelt - Biography). As President, Roosevelt looked at the role of President as a â€Å"steward of the people† (Theodore Roosevelt). Theodore Roosevelt was not only known to be the firs t modern President butRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : A Leader Of This Great Nation1666 Words   |  7 PagesForty-three men have served the United States as the leader of this great nation. This responsibility is not an easy one. In the late 1920s, Mount Rushmore was being planned and the architect decided to include four of the forty-three presidents, then 30 to select from, that have served the United States: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. It is clear why George Washington, as the first president, Thomas Jefferson, as third president and author of the DeclarationRead MorePresident Roosevelt s President Of The Republican Progressive Party1481 Words   |  6 PagesMy president’s name is Theodore Roosevelt. His nickname is Teddy. Did you know the Teddy Bear was named after him? President Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901 until March 4, 1909. He was the 26th president of the United States. President Roosevelt was in the Republican Progressive Party. Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York City, New York on October 27, 1858. He died in Cove Neck, New York on January 6, 1919. He was 60 years old. President Roosevelt’s wives namesRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : President Roosevelt1564 Words   |  7 Pages President Theodore Roosevelt By Ryan Baglietto  Table of Contents: 1. Presidential Facts 2. Theodore Roosevelt’s Childhood 3. Education 4. Personal Life 5. Accomplishments 6. What do I think of President Roosevelt: 7. Presidential Picture 8. Bibliography  1. Presidential Facts: My president’s name is Theodore Roosevelt. His nickname is Teddy. Did you know the Teddy Bear was named after him? President Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901 until March 4, 1909Read MoreThe Presidency Of The United States1401 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln, wielded great power and significantly influenced the future of the United States, many were really just caretakers eclipsed in prominence by various industrialists and robber barons. The modern American presidency was actually the creation of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt who by different means expanded and strengthened the office of the President of the United States. The Roosevelt family revolutionized how the United States operated and functionedRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : A Modern Presidency1384 Words   |  6 PagesSchwarz/1 Theodore Roosevelt once said, â€Å" Believe you can and you are halfway there.† During his time in office, he added 5 national parks to our nation, tripled the amount of forest area, created 50 wildlife refuges, wrote many books, and captured the attention of many Americans, no matter what their political party was. Theodore Roosevelt is credited with having created a modern presidency and held a number of political positions before he was thrown into office after the assassination of President

Bruce Dawe Speech Free Essays

The poem ‘Life Cycle’ traces the life of an Aussie Rules Football supporter from birth to death – hence the title ‘Life Cycle’. ‘Life Cycle’ essentially explains that you are born and raised in a house with a family who influence your every move and important lifestyle choices. Dawe demonstrates how something as simple as sport can be more important throughout a person’s entire life Poetry expresses an individual’s most intense emotions in the least amount of words. We will write a custom essay sample on Bruce Dawe Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the poems ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ and ‘Life Cycle’ Bruce Dawe expresses what the true Australian perspective is in his straight forward way of telling people what living in Australia is like. Dawe highlights Australian society in the 1960’s in his poem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ through its episodic structure, simple colloquial language and a combination of the figurative techniques to address the increased commercialism and apathy in the 1960’s. Dawe writes of a rapid trip through one man’s life from birth to death and seems to emphasise a life with little meaning. nd shared by everybody whose lives basically revolve around football. Another way Dawe shows the perspective that Australians love sport is his use of biblical allusion, showing that football supporters form their own religion or covenant as represented in the poem by stating â€Å"and the covenant is sealed†. Another method of prov ing how passionate Australians are about their love for sport is by ANZAC allusion. Comparing players to soldiers and warriors highlight the level of respect that they are shown to have for their beloved football club. Thus, the poem is a light-hearted look at the importance of football to the Victorians. than religion, so much to even say that it replaces it. He explains, through the constant use of colloquialism, that some Australian families have sport engraved into their daily routine and use it to bond with each other. â€Å"Oohh you bludger† is an accurate example of this because it is a kind of slang that is learned from the family as a child There is a laconic rather cynical tone that pervades this poem; life is gone before you know it. The Latin caption at the top translates to the grim reminder that we will all die – â€Å"remember, man that thou art dust, and unto dust shalt thou return. † This suggests that ‘we are all mortal and therefore, whatever striving we do, there are larger questions that the striving should be related to, and that striving just out of sheer, blind self interest is very destructive striving. ’ He presents life as standardised, commercialised and rather predictable and unappealing. This is an episodical poem that stereotypically deals with an average ‘him’. He’ as observed by Dawe is born in his mother’s arms and remains innocent, but tainted by society. The title is a metaphor for people who barge through life without taking the time to think about whom they are and what they are doing. Whether it is members of a team, or fans cheering for a certain team, sports have always bonded people of different backgrounds together with a common goal. The way players participate in a sport and interact with team members helps to build the players self-identity. Australians and their love for sport is a perfect example of this. Bruce Dawe presents what he thinks the Australian perspective is in his poems. He implies that Australia lives through sport. That sport is a religion and is worshiped. That sport is in every true Aussies life from birth to death yet he also pushes the perspective that there is something wrong with 1960’s Australian society. Thank you. They are born into their love for a team or sport and follow it their entire life. Many different sporting events or themes are used to bring complete strangers together and in doing so, help improve the way people see each other or themselves. Sports are events that have been around in some form or another for many years. Throughout time, they have gradually evolved into their current state, and will surely continue to be around for years to come. This is because they always have, and always will be a positive influence on society and individuals. One positive factor of sports is the fact that they draw people together. The perspective that Australians love sport is very obvious and correct because it is shown in so many ways, like sport campaigns at chools, at working or any number of things. Bruce’s Dawe’s poem ‘Life-Cycle’ proves this. Dawe seems to be saying there is something very wrong with a society that insists that material things, and the pursuit of money to afford them, are important. The lengthy description of what isn’t in the grave is intended to make the realistic point that none of those things are ultimately of any importance. Fledged member of the rat-race, obsessed with status, completely insincere, selfish and ruthless Ironically, Dawe’s comments are very realistic. After the man’s death, Dawe continues the attack on a society obsessed with appearances, even to the point where the reality of death is glossed over and prettified. The body of the poem seems to attack the sort of consumer society that twentieth century man is obsessed with. It deals with, and follows the life of one representative of this type of society, and shows how from birth he is conditioned to accept the materialistic standards of this society. When the boy has become a man he has lost the quality of wonder and become another fully How to cite Bruce Dawe Speech, Essay examples

A Tale Of Two Cities LA Essay Example For Students

A Tale Of Two Cities LA Essay Word Count: 1961A Tale of Two CitiesThis paper is a literary analysis over the book A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens. It contains information about the author, plot, and characters in the story. Devices and styles used to complete the book are also in this paper. On February 7, 1812 in Portsea, Charles Dickens began his life. His father, John Dickens, spent little time with Charles. The family lived in poverty and John was in prison much of the time. When Charles was two, the family moved to London. At age twelve, Charles worked in a factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He only worked there for a few months, but it was a miserable experience that would remain with him his whole life. Dickens attended school until he was fifteen. He always enjoyed reading, and especially adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. Authors like William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding greatly influenced his work. However, most of the knowledge he used as an author came from his environment around him. In the late 1820s, Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter. Dickens= first book, Sketches by Boz, written in 1836, consisted of articles he wrote for the London Chronicles. After he married Catherine Hogarth in 1836, his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. This was the beginning of his career. When Dickens was twenty-four, he became famous for the rest of his life. His first fame came with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club with Dickens= adventure stories. Other works followed such as, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, and Our Mutual Friend. In 1837, Catherine=s sister Mary, died. Dickens suffered much grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Dickens and Catherine had ten children in all. In 1958 the couple separated. Through his life, Dickens was an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and an editor. Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. This led to involvement in many organizations until 1865 when Dickens health started to decline. In 1870 Dickens died of a stroke. The world remembers him as one of the best authors in history. In two basic locations the story takes place. The main action is in England and France during the French revolution. The action begins in 1775 at Tellson=s bank in England, then it moves to France in a wine shop where the rebels have headquarters. Tellson=s bank in England is also a rebel base. The people in France are poor and the nobles keep getting richer. This leads to dirty streets and unhealthy people. This is the cause for the revolution. Doctor Manette is a main character in the story. He was a well-respected doctor that fell into trouble among nobility before the time of the story.The nobles put Manette in a prison for eighteen years. These years of solitary confinement drive him crazy. His only comfort in the dark are his tools and workbench that his uses to make imaginary shoes. During these years Manette has no sense of time or anything. Manette was in his fifty=s when he got out of prison. His hair was long and dirty. His well-built body wore thin in those eighteen years . Time and normal life helped to restore Manette=s body and also his mind. After the rebels break Manette out of the Bastille, he evolves back into the man he was before the imprisonment. This took almost three years. We found that Manette is a deeply caring and compassionate family man. He earns the respect and love of most everyone. It takes great strength of character and determination to overcome the horrors of eighteen years of confinement in the Bastille. Manette was a moral man. He knew that the French nobles were wrongfully stealing money and leaving the peasants in poverty. He was a shoemaker in his dreams and a scientist in real life. Manette loved his daughter very much and was happy to give her to Charles Darney in marriage. He knew Darney was a good man and loved his daughter very much. When Darney tried to tell Manette of his past, Manette would not allow him to speak until he and Lucie married. To show the great character that he was, Manette used his knowledge of the prison to return and help Darney escape, even after his terrible experience there. Manette was not without flaw though. At one point everyone has to crack. When Darney told Manette that he was Charles Evermond after the wedding, Manette went back to his solitary mentality. He went back to work with his tools on his shoes until his family buried the tools and bench. They did this and soon Manette had his health back. Pesticides EssayA Tale of Two Cities is a long and boring book. As I look back on the story, I find that the last 120 pages of the book were much more eventful than the first 270 pages. This causes lose of interest early in the story. Without interest, getting anything out of the pages is hard. Then, all of the sudden, the plot becomes exciting and the story is over. This is not the best way to write a story. For these reasons A Tale of Two Cities is not a book for people who are not die hard readers. Works Cited. Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. New York, New York: The New American Library of World Literature, Incl., 1936.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Essay Example

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Paper The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller Thanks to the development of science and technology, the distance between countries seems to be narrowed. We can communicate or cooperate with people everywhere. Thats why people say the world is becoming smaller. This tendency brings us more good chances for making relationships and business, yet, it also causes some drawbacks like losing traditions or unsteady economic condition. In the past, it was impossible for a man living in Vietnam to keep contact with his relatives in America. But nowadays, with computers and telephones, we can not only talk with others but also see their lively images through any distance. Besides, we can also make friends with people from different places on this earth if we are interested in. By car, train or plane we can travel around and discover all the remote corners of this globe, which helps enrich our knowledge about countries and people all over the world each day and the relationship between humanbeings become closer than ever. To businessmen, this tendency brings them alots of benefits. First of all, they can spread their market, in other words, they will have more customers, which means they can get more money. Second, they can use cheaper labour source and meterials in less developed countries to reduce the manufacturing cost. Third, because of different frequencies and tastes of people, they will have a wide choice in business aspects. It can be said that businessmen is the group getting most advantages from the world becomes smaller. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Becoming Smaller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, global village also gives us some disadvantages. In the process of globalization, the cultures have interfered with one another. Although some countries can collect more good customs, some are losing their tradition. Tradition is one important part of a nation, which are conceptions, habbits and noble values maintained for thousands of years. So when they lose traditions, they lose themselves and become other peoples. Another bad point is that joining to the global village, ountries have to apply open trade policy,which causes some difficulties to developing countries. As the economy of these countries is still weak, their companies can not affort to compete with foreign ones with modern technology and much experience. This leads to the bankrupcy of many mills and the unemployment condition, which will be a burden for both the governments and the entire poupulation. Even having some disadvantages, globalization is an essental inclination.

Wells Fargo Company

Wells Fargo Company This article is going to discuss different ways and situations of analyzing a company’s, profitability, sustainability and its moving forward.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wells Fargo Company, Its Profitability, Sustainability and Moving Forward specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article is also going to highlight different types of analysis and how they differ from one another in relation to purpose and profitability. The article is going to have a look at Well Fargo’s analysis. There are different situations, which lead to the companys analysis. The company might choose to assess various sections that constitute to the whole company for various purposes. One of the main purposes of conducting an analysis on a company is to determine its position in relation to profitability. A company’s profitability is never stagnant; a company is moving either forward or backwards. A company will never b e at the same position in relation to profitability. There are different types of analysis; they differ from one another in regards to purpose and methodology. A research will always have a unique way through which it looks at the details presented in the aim of research. The SWOT system of analysis is one of the most effective methods of analyzing a business organization. The SWOT analysis highlights strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Through this analysis an organization is evaluated into the fine details. The company’s strengths can be seen in the ranking it has received from world renowned financial analysts. The company is listed as the best small business lender, best agricultural lender, second best debt card issuer, second best prime home-equity lender, third best mutual fund provider among the U.S. Banks. For instance, the company is the 18th most respected company in the world. This was a ranking established by Barrons. Wells Fargo has been ranked as the 17th most profitable company all over the United States. The organization has received the â€Å"Aaa† credit rating from Moody. The company has a good relation with the community, the customers, and the team members. The company has been ranked as the 41st in relation to revenue in the United States. This ranking was given by the Fortune 500. Another area where the company’s strength is displayed is in relation to organization. The company’s organization structure is set up in a manner that helps various departments and branches to work as a single body. The Wells Fargo Bank has been established as the first bank in the United States as of 2008 (Fradkin, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has two major weaknesses. These weaknesses are presented in bad mortgages and low debit card market share. One of the major areas where ot her competitors beat this company is in relation to debit cards. Whereas other financial institutions are focused on providing debit cards for their customers, this company has been left behind. For this cause, Wells Fargo has been constantly loosing customers. The market share that the company continues to lose every other day where debit cards are being used in the market is a loophole through which competitors continue to enjoy other benefits. The other weakness of the company is in relation to bad mortgages. As a lender, there are mortgage problems that the company continues to face every day as the credit market continues to experience problems (Navarro, 2006). The opportunities the company is presented with, include reduced competition, cross-selling options, consolidating industry, international expansion, and Wachovia. In relation to international expansion, the company is looking to establish a strong presence in the international market as well as increasing the growth and profits. In the event the company is to venture out into international markets, it would experience improved synergies and the customer base would increase. The opportunities would also improve the company’s financial stability as well as enhancing the individual economies in the countries where it has been established. Innovation will increase the company’s profitability (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The threats that the company faces include mortgage issues, credit market crisis, slow expansion of mortgages, credit cards write offs, housing crisis, and government intervention. The credit market is perceived as a threat mainly because of the effect it has on cost of borrowing. Shareholders fail to benefit mainly because the free cash flow is interrupted. This also affects margins adversely. The housing crisis has two major effects that qualify it as a threat to the operations of Wells Fargo. The housing crisis is responsible for the decrease in value of equity and compa ny assets as well. This has the effect of making business slow and reducing its profitability. The pressure also affects the growth of equity and cash flow. Although the government is a big customer for the company, there is always some pressure on the intervention it provides. In the event the company intervenes, the effect is felt on stock. The stock is usually under pressure in the event such intervention is launched. The government involvement in business also comes with its adverse effects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wells Fargo Company, Its Profitability, Sustainability and Moving Forward specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the government has been associated with past problems and these have led businesses to experience huge losses. In the event the company ventures into a market where the industry is regulated by the government, there are adverse effects that the company is set to experience. These adverse effects are usually rooted in the manner the government makes its decisions. In the light of the fact that the government makes decisions, various businesses are set to flourish. Taking into consideration that these decisions are not based on the welfare of the citizens, the businesses will suffer, too. The involvement of government in business is also a risky affair as it brings it political risks. Credit card write offs also decrease the profitability of Wells Fargo (Fradkin, 2002). References Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Fradkin, P.L. (2002). Stagecoach: Wells Fargo and the American West. New York: Simon Schuster Publishers. Hume, J.B. and Thacker, J.N. and Wilson, R.M. (2010). Wells, Fargo Co. stagecoach and train robberies, 1870-1884: the corporate report of 1885 with additional facts about the crimes and their perpetrators. North Carolina: McFarland Co. Navarro, P. (2006). The Well-timed Strat egy: Managing the Business Cycle for Competitive Advantage. New York: Wharton School Publishing. Paul, R. Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: NJ: Prentice Hall.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modernity - Essay Example Berman says modern humans â€Å"are moved at once by a will to change †¦ and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart† (Berman, 1982). Change frightens us even as we long for it. â€Å"To be modern is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. †¦ It is to be both revolutionary and conservative: alive to new possibilities for experience and adventure, frightened by the nihilistic depths to which so many modern adventures lead† (Berman, 1982). In capitalistic society, it is argued that the consumer is the master by reason of making the choice to purchase or not purchase. Berman says this is not really the case. Availability of options only begins the list of restrictions. â€Å"Poor people can't get lawyers in a country that is glutted with them; the HMOs have abolished the autonomy of physicians; college professors are often glorified fundraisers† (Hitchins, 1999). The World Trade Center of New York City is an architectural example of the modern. Berman describes it as â€Å"isolated †¦ it gave off hostility† as compared to the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings. â€Å"[The Port Authority’s] idea of safety involved repelling the people. The slab shape †¦ grew out of an aesthetic voiced best by Le Corbusier, who said that in order to have modern planning we have to ‘kill the streets.’ For him the street epitomized disorder and chaos† (Berman, 2002).

Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Physics - Essay Example The heat that is produced will be calculated from the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced. For a mile, the heat that is produced seems to be high in the first mile than in the next miles. The reason behind is that, in the first mile, there are additional heat changes that are produced as the automobile begins to accelerate (Stapleton, 200). Due to the fuel economy that has been used as a technique of manufacturing many automobiles, the amount of heat that is produced is limited since the automobiles are more automated. A modern car will produce less heat in a short period since the amount of petrol and diesel that is burned is less. When the amount of fuel that is burned in a short period is less, the heat that will be produced will be less. The size and density of the automobiles engine will also contribute to the amount of heat that will be produced. A big-sized engine is likely to produce more heat when compared to a small engine-sized automobile. In calculating the amount o f heat that is produced in a mile, we will have to calculate Gallons per mile to get the real heat produced (Stapleton, 125). 2. What is the average temperature of the exhaust gas? The exhaust gas is estimated to have the same temperature to that of the engine at that particular time. It is usually tricky get the temperature since the exhaust gas since after it comes outside the engine other external factors immediately affect. Another factor that is likely to affect the real value of the temperature is the fact that the measurements will be calculated away from the place where combustion takes. The exhaust system as a whole will affect the right temperature of the exhaust gas (Stapleton, 112). In a case where gasoline and air are mixed in a proportion that will lead to complete combustion, the temperature of the exhaust gas is estimated to be 1500 F ranges. This temperature is estimated to be very high to cause catastrophe in the engine. Therefore, it is said that in most cases com plete combustion does not occur (Stapleton, 205). Manufactures at most times will manufacture vehicles with a limited space for combustion so that complete combustion does not take place. At most, a case, the temperature that is estimated by manufactures is 1200 F to 1300 F range. This temperature can withstand the harsh conditions in the engine. When the temperatures range at these temperatures, the functioning of the engine will be proper. At proper temperatures, the combustion that will take place will be favorable functioning of the engine. At high temperatures, the pressure will be minimal thus proper working of the engine (Stapleton, 99). 3. Design a method to reclaim the thermal energy from the exhaust? It can be either electrical or mechanical energies The energy that is produced in the exhaust is in the most cases wasted into the atmosphere. This energy can be reclaimed through various methods. Some of them have been tried out but they have not showed any positive results. The methods to claim the energy can be electrical or mechanical. In my case, I am going to design an electrical method of reclaiming the energy (Stapleton, 211). In my model, the apparatus will be electrical wires that can be identified as positive and negative, cathode, and anode. In the model, the connections will bring from the combustion chamber where the exhaust gas will be directed

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Leadership - Essay Example Employee two can be suggested to hold some degree of coercive power. Since employee 2 is the only person who has the knowledge and expertise in drafting financial statements, he is in a position to exert some form of coercive influence. This is because such attributes are highly important for the company. It can be witnessed from the scenario that he has negotiated more leniency from his managers to work a much compressed week than others. Reward Power – this power base rests on the idea of getting rewarded for work performed. Employee 1 seems to be completely in the influence of reward power. He seems really dedicated in his work, comes in on weekends and sits late having the impression that in doing so he will be awarded bonuses and his long deserving holidays. Reward power is completely opposite of coercive power and is persuading an individual to fulfill the wishes of his superiors to get rewarded in return. Legitimate Power – This is a much broader term used in the context of power. Legitimacy of power is dependent on an individual’s structural position in an organization. Again in relation to the scenario, such power does not rest with any of the three employees. Such power can only be recognized with individuals holding positions such as CEO or President of a Bank or a Captain in Army. In context of the scenario none of the 3 concerned employees seem to command a legitimate power. In case of employee 2 and 3, legitimacy of power does not exists at all. Because neither have any position in the company which would create their legitimate power over others. Employee 1 has over 12 years of working experience, but has not reached a structural position to create his own legitimate power base. Apart from the three employees discussed above, there are two departmental managers mentioned in the case, who might be able to implement some sort of

Lufthansa Strategy Analysis

Lufthansa Strategy Analysis Lufthansa is one of the premier airlines of the world and one of the largest in Europe, in terms of the number of passengers carried by it. The flag carrier of Germany derives its name from Luft (the German word for air) and Hansa (the Hanseatic Trade Organization that was active in Northern Europe, during the medieval period). Headquartered in Cologne, the major hub of the airline is located at Frankfurt Airport, in Frankfurt am Main. The airline boasts of having the third largest passenger airline fleet in the world and consists of modern aircrafts. The airline is a founding member of Star Alliance, one of the leading airlines alliances in the world. Check out the article to know more about the profile and history of Lufthansa airlines. The generously sized and comfortable seats, the extensive range of entertainment: with the Lufthansa Product Showroom you can now get to know the benefits of our Economy Class on long-haul flights in more detail even before your flight. Take a virtual journey through our offer from booking, to our services at the airport and on board, right through to your arrival at our Frankfurt hub Comfortable seats On  short and medium-haul routes  youll enjoy plenty of room. In Economy Class, too, the slim construction of the seat backs provides greater leg room, making it easier for you to stretch your legs. On  long-haul routes  a seat cushion width of over 40 cm, as well as the individually adjustable headrests on every seat, ensure your comfort. When you tilt your seat back, the seat is raised, giving you optimal support Varied entertainment On long-haul flights, as well as reading our in-flight magazine you can enjoy our extensive In-flight Entertainment Programme during the flight.   Meals Drinks We offer you menus that suit your departure time and destination. The meals are rounded off by a wide selection of complimentary drinks.   On selected routes we will also serve you a movie snack during the In-flight Entertainment. Your in-flight entertainment programme in First and Business Class First and Business Class passengers enjoy a comprehensive entertainment programme with the extended Lufthansa Media World. The four categories: Watch Enjoy, Listen Relax, StudyPlay  and Fly Lufthansa  can be individually downloaded onto the screen at each seat: 65 video options with 30 cinema films in up to eight languages, 25 TV programmes and 10 music magazines from all over the world, 100 CDs, a variety of audio books, 30 radio programmes with numerous international channels, games of skill, action games and board and strategy games as well as language courses are readily available. In Business and First Class every passenger also receives the monthly Lufthansa media world programme listing. Marketing challenges arise because of the uniqueness Safety Cost Cleanliness Price Destination Strategies are adopted by your chosen company to deal with those challenges They are putting forward more and more innovative methods to preserve safety up-to-date Regarding cost they are trying to cut off their profit margin and working on low profit margin They are dealing it with the best and effective way that will flourish mind of customer with cleanliness in all perspectives According to price they should consider their brand name and they will maintain price according to that which will not affect their brand image Their run in only busy international routes How do marketers of your chosen service company deal with the demand and supply? Mismatch? During the time of recession the faces problem but as they are a big establishment they came out that and they wisely meet the needed and wants by implementing so many innovative ideas The service product mix of your chosen company They concentrate on only one product mix What are its product lines? They only focus on one product line because they only have one product line Its service brands They have only one brand its called Lufthansa they are concentrate on airlines Its pricing strategy They gave concession for regular travel and gave various discounts to them and gave attractive offer for them and they implement a greater way process out these pricing strategy The service product distributed Magazines Video advertisement Television ads Internet The target segment for the service products Manley focused Business class peoples Those who want luxurious travel experience who prefer more and more comfort The service products positioned Deutsche Lufthansa AG is an aviation company with operations worldwide. The Group operates in five business segments, which provide mobility and services for airlines. The business segments Passenger Airline Group, Logistics, MRO, IT Services and Catering each hold leading positions in their markets. In addition, the Lufthansa Group includes over 400 subsidiaries and associated companies. The strategic business segments Passenger Airline Group and Logistics provide mobility for passengers and freight. The airlines in the Lufthansa Group are positioned as quality carriers in their respective segments. In order to strengthen Lufthansas position still further, new partners from the European home market were added to the Group. Lufthansa Cargo is also a market leader in international airfreight. It offers a global network, shortest transport times and high quality standards in many, often highly specialised, product areas. Companys Marketing Communication Mix We guarantee high quality of our products and professional consulting services. Regular trainings of our staff ensure instant implementation of innovations and detailed knowledge of the product. We provide organisation and prepare all necessary components of your travel. The role of People in your chosen company They are the real king of these airlines because mostly it is an expensive airline without people they can work it out so people plays an important role in the fields of these .They make it more and more popular in case of every factor which support these . Process which involved in the service production They prefer good interaction with customers Good way of treating passengers They know how handle business class passenger They are well expertise in handling services in an proper way There way of welcoming is more attractive and mind bloging They introduce many new ideology to make service more better and effective  Physical Evidence is used by the company to compensate for the intangibility  of the service To ensure that passengers who are not German speakers and who are boarding or transferring at Frankfurt or Munich, can always find their way around the airport quickly, Lufthansa offers the Lufthansa Guide Service as well as the Lufthansa Family Service, which is designed to meet the needs of families travelling together. Lufthansa Guide Service: we speak your language Lufthansa offers a Guide Service to international passengers, business travellers, groups and passengers who may, for example, need help finding their way to a connecting flight at the airport or who would like an exclusive passenger chaperone service. They will be met by a special Lufthansa guide directly at their gate or at another rendezvous point and accompanied to their destination for example, to a connecting flight, train, hotel, shuttle bus or to the airport lounge. Lufthansa guides will always be on hand to answer your questions and in more than 50 languages. A charge is made for the Lufthansa Guide Service. Lufthansa Family Service: relaxed travel with the whole family Lufthansa Family ServiceThe Lufthansa guides from the Lufthansa Family Service ensure a relaxed start to a holiday by helping families, who are boarding or transferring at Frankfurt or Munich, to find their way around the airport.   Parents travelling alone with children, in particular, find this a huge help. For example, the guides take them to check-in, where they explain the security regulations, accompany them to their gate and, on landing, to baggage reclaim, but also to restaurants, hotels or car rental companies.   The Lufthansa Family Service is also very happy to help older members of the family. If the passenger can only walk slowly, the guides gauge the time needed to change flights or if required, accompany the elderly person to the chemist or to a seat.   The Lufthansa Family Guides are on hand with help and advice in more than 50 languages, making this service above all a helpful support to families from abroad World premiere at ITB: In-flight entertainment via Wi-Fi On-board entertainment is an important part of an airlines service for tourists and business travellers alike. At the ITB, Lufthansa Systems presents, its cost-efficient new in-flight entertainment (IFE) system which opens up a new world of opportunities for on-board communication. Condor will be the first airline to install on its Boeing 767 aircraft. The innovative infotainment system is based on a Wi-Fi network which passengers can log on to through seat-back screens or their own laptops, tablet PCs, smart phones or other Wi-Fi-enabled devices to access a wide range of video and audio on demand, games and other content. Also makes it possible for airlines to offer new forms of customer communication, information and services. New services can generate additional revenues for airlines, and airlines can also customize their contact with each passenger. In-flight entertainment is an important part of the travel experience and a way to stand out from the competition, particularly in the tourism industry; said Rainer Krà ¶pke, Head of Project Management and Marketing at Condor GmbH. opens up entirely new possibilities for us. In addition, the system costs much less to install and operate than other solutions. Unlike conventional IFE systems, Board Connect does not need to be wired into every seat. The cabin of a Boeing 767, for example, will only need five access points which are connected to a central server. The system is much easier to install because there is no wiring required. It can be integrated during a regular maintenance check, so theres no need for extra downtime, said Dr. Jà ¶rg Liebe, CIO of Lufthansa Systems AG. Board Connect is also very reliable and gives airlines maximum flexibility as regards cabin rearrangement, the integration of new technologies and the development of new services. The elimination of wiring and data distribution hardware can lead to weight savings of nearly half a ton for a Boeing 767-300. This reduces annual fuel consumption by around 20 tonnes per aircraft. To create this pioneering IFE solution, Lufthansa Systems drew on its experience with the Mobile Infotainment System which it developed for cruise ships. The technology behind Board Connect is not restricted to the aviation industry; it can also be used on other forms of public transportation, such as trains, buses and ferries. On aircraft equipped with broadband Internet access, passengers can also surf the Web, send and receive e-mail and interact with friends on social networks. Airlines can also provide individual passengers with information about their connecting flights or offers tailored personally to them. Conclusion Airlines are the fastest way of transportation now a days there come so many airline industry to these field but whatever come till know Lufthansa is the 1st place so try to keep up that place safely

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Essay -- Essays Papers

Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born in Glasgow on 7 June 1868. He trained as an architect in a local firm and studied art & design at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art. For 20 years he worked as an architect/designer in Glasgow where all his best known work was created. Much of it is still there today. At art school Mackintosh and his friend and colleague Herbert MacNair met the artist sisters Margaret and Frances Macdonald. These four artists collaborated on designs for furniture, metalwork and illustration, developing a distinctive imagery of weird, abstracted female figures and metamorphic lines reminiscent of Aubrey Beardsley. Their style earned them the nickname of the 'Spook School' and their work, particularly in England, was treated with suspicion because of its decadent influence of Continental art nouveau. At this time Continental Art Nouveau was frowned upon by art critics. The majority of Mackintosh's work was created, with the help of a small number of patrons, within a short period of intense activity betwe...

Family System Theory Essay

In my attempt to outline a family seeking therapy for domestic violence using the Family Systems Theory, I will first give a detailed account of the family history, and then embark on the problem before tackling the intervention strategy. Family History John married Jane 20 years ago.   At the time of their marriage, John had a well paying job which could support his nuclear family as well as his parents.   John’s parents were peasant farmers who actually had sold everything they had in order to pay John’s school fees.   John’s parents had placed a lot of hope in him before he contracted this marriage. This fact led them to discourage John from marrying Jane since they considered that John having spent the family resources in his education, he had every reason first to pay school fees for his young brothers.   To avoid clashing with his parents, John promised to handle both responsibilities (that is, caring for the younger siblings and his wife).   After lengthy deliberations the parents submitted to his observations and allowed him to go forward and marry Jane. On the other hand, Jane at the time of marriage was employed as a sales girl and earned amount that could see her through most of her needs.   Jane appeared to be a self styled lady depicting a lot of wealth.   Even though Jane’s parents were notoriously religious, Jane had an out of wedlock child which she was caring at her parents. This issue was however unknown to John. Jane did not bother or she ignored to disclose to John about this issue.   John only happened to know about the kid a few weeks to their wedding day.   This did not detract John from marrying her fiancà ©e. Jane was the last born in a family of six children, 3 girls and 3 boys.   Her parents were wealthy and of middle social standing.   This family not only was it capable of meeting basic needs but also some luxuries.   Her elder brothers were all married and comfortably settled down.   The two elder girls were also married to wealthy husbands who owned some assortments of luxurious properties including several vehicles.   Unlike John’s family, Jane’s family was in actual fact composed of well to do family members. It is important to note that Jane’s educational background was not pleasing as she had dropped out of school when she contracted her first pregnancy.   John however, had knowledge of her lovers, educational background and seemed to be contended with the situation.   At first, when Jane highlighted to her parents about her future prospects, they at first disapproved the marriage on the grounds that John could afterwards ditch her due to her first child or due to her educational standards.   Jane succeeded to bargain for blessing of the marriage through cheating her parents that John was aware of everything, thus there was no cause of worry. The Problem As noted earlier, few days after John married Jane, there was a misunderstanding over the first issue as John demanded an apology from Jane for failing to disclose fully her status.   This time the marriage was saved by the intervention of John’s parents who pleaded with him to shelve the matter and love his wife as before. Joy returned to these couples and within a period of 10 years, they had 3 more children inside the wedlock.   John managed to convince Jane to leave her job so as to concentrate with family matters, which included taking care of the children among others. This move however, was viewed by John’s in-laws negatively as they considered John’s salary to be insufficient.   They also had negative thoughts about the future status of their daughter’s marriage, as they had conviction that John would one day ditch Jane.   They rebuked Jane for being seduced to terminate her employment. During the 15 years into marriage, John was suspended from his employment under very queer circumstances.   What happened is that John, while supposed to be on duty, had that day requested a fellow workmate to play his part, while he attended to some family issues. Unfortunately, the same day, there occurred some robbery at his place of work and more particularly involving his department.   This called for his suspension pending investigation that was followed by his dismissal without terminal benefits. Upon dismissal John and his family moved to there rural home. Coping with life was not easy as the family had to readjust and face some of the realities of life. The family was in total economic disrepair and john for the sake of saving the situation sold most of his rag-tag assets. However the going was not smooth as these did not last the family for a ling time. As a way of escaping realities of life, John started to drink. This only served the purpose of increasing his problems. Upon being confronted by her wife he resorted to abusive language. The problem facing the family now is that as a result of John’s change of behavior Jane’s parents are blaming her for failing to listen to their instructions in the first place. Even though they have secured Jane something to see the family through basic needs, they are threatening to withhold the same if she keeps on sticking to this doomed marriage. On the other hand John’s children seem to be suffering from emotional distress due to the misunderstanding pitying the parents. The out of wed-lock daughter is considering that their father is battering her mother due to her presence in the family. John seems to be sinking deep and deeper in drug and substance abuse. He abuses his children through neglect as well as physically associating them. John’s parents seem to suggest that John made a mistake in marrying Jane for reasons which are not clear. The family is about to break-down as john is engaged in all manner of domestic violence. Sometime when drunk he raises the subject of the first daughter, a topic that Jane considers to have been dealt with in the past. He also sees Jane’s parents to be the source of all his problems as he associates them with wealthy bureaucrats who are out to play down his marriage. There is total communication breakdown in John’s family as well as between the extended family (in-laws). The family with the aid of a Good Samaritan is now seeking therapy. Remember Jane is cursing herself for having disrespectful to her parent’s advice. The same thing is also happening to John. This culminates into the children loosing hope. Therapy The therapy required here should encompass all the members of the nuclear as well as the extended family. First it is important to evaluate the family through scheduling interviews that involves with some members of this immediate family. This interview should include children as well as two significant members of the extended family. There is a need for the therapist to be a man and woman as to treat gender related issues on top of serving as role models for the family. The therapy being based on the family systems theory the family should be regarded wholly as being the unit of treatment. Therefore emphasis should be placed on communication processes. John’s family should be analyzed first. Therapist’s comments and remarks should be structured in a manner likely to help family members become more conscious of patterns or structures that had been previously ignored. Sessions should be structured in a way that members of the extended family can, eat together, so as to afford the most required ingredient of family to succeed-communication. By the end of the therapy members of this family including the IP (Identified Patient) should be seen to differentiate. Reference Nichols, M.P. & Schwartz, R.C. (2006). Recent Developments in Family Therapy: Integrative Models; in Family therapy: concepts and methods. 7th Ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Reality Television Research Paper Example

Reality Television Research Paper Example Reality Television Paper Reality Television Paper Entertainment for some, humiliation for others, new beginnings for some, bad endings for others, dreams turned into reality for some and dreams shattered for others. Reality television on which anything can happen, millions of viewers gripped to their seats, pulses racing ogling at a box. Millions of people they can not all be crazy to watch reality television, or can they? Little did Philo Taylor Farnsworth, the inventor of the television know that one day lazy people who sit in a house all day or people who eat bugs in a jungle will be shown on his invention. How can reality television be useful? Deviant, destructive and disastrous, what knowledge will viewers gain by watching diabolical fools shouting abuse and using profanity? Teenagers are believed to be influenced by the media very easily, seeing all this negativity it clearly shows what they will gain from it. weak brained On the other hand, reality television can be seen as educational. Youngsters get to see the real world and different people who all have different personalities. Reality television teaches youngsters about the real world and the situations that can arise in life. Humans learn by seeing things and experiencing them, everyone must have seen how children want to touch a flame despite the parents shouting, but once the child touches the flame the child never does it again knowing it burns, in the same way teenagers watch reality television and learn from the situations that contestants have to face and apply it to their own lives and consider it while making decisions. Also, the contestants who participate in reality television shows are from a broad spectrum of society which enables youngsters to see the behaviour of wealthy and poor alike. However, how can people be sure what they are watching is reality? All they see is what the camera wants them to see and when the camera is on all they see us people wearing masks of disguise, pretending to be someone else for popularity, fame, money and crazy viewers to become obsessed with them. Humans are so pathetic that they sit in front of a box watching the lives of other lame people, who are just acting. Why call it reality television when people are acting? Theatres are made to watch people act, why watch shameless people act on what is supposed to be called reality television? In contrast to this, reality television is full of entertainment. In this modern world with all the stress from grumpy managers and resentful co-workers, entertainment is necessary and if people can be relieved from a tough day at work, by seeing the humiliation of other people who themselves chose to enter the show, then what is the harm? Adding on, youngsters who instead of causing crime and irritating old people on streets, enjoy watching reality television and enjoy the embarrassment of other people then what is the harm? However it can be argued that those ordinary people, who like many others, dream high however get disgraced and degraded in front of millions of people which immediately knocks down their confidence. Reality television is derogatory which has a negative effect on the contestants. Reality television acts as a catalyst to defame and suppress personality characteristics of the participants. Nevertheless, reality television benefits contestants despite the derogatory behaviour, due to reality television shows contestants are able to express themselves which relieves their emotional trauma and catharsis. Moreover it helps contestants build positive relations with others and living in a different lifestyle helps them appreciate their own lifestyle and helps them to improve it. In Celebrity Big Brother 2007, millions of viewers witnessed the famous racial row between the Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty and English celebrity Jade Goody however, after the row Shilpa and Jade became friends and held no grudges against each other which shows that despite the controversy the contestants experienced they learnt to resolve the problems amicably. However, reality television shows send a bad message and fixation on instant celebrities. Shows like Big Brother suggest that anyone can become famous by participating on a reality television show and lounging around in a house all day shouting abuse without working hard or having any particular talent at all. Youngsters who watch these shows will assume that education is not important and that they do not need to study hard in school or train hard for a regular job. Producers of reality television shows themselves earn thousands of pounds however they show influential shows which influence others in a negative way and make them loose out on education, is this right? It can be argued that we believe in freedom and free speech. In this modern day society many people do a variety of things and fairly speaking, they all have a right to do anything they want as long as they abide the law. Moreover, it can be said that millions of viewers watch reality television and we have to accept reality television as an expression of popular and democratic taste. Adding on, nobody is compelled to appear in reality television or indeed watch it. Many people argue that reality television shows are a bad influence but no one forces people to watch it, everyone has the right to pick up their remote control and switch the television off or change the channel. A study found that in the year 2000, 70% of the population watched reality television occasionally or on a regular basis, so is it fair for a minority of reality television haters to stop the huge minority of people from watching the shows that they are crazy for? In contrast, the show Americas Next Top Model which last year on September 9th had 3. 22 million viewers tuned in, some groaning and moaning at the girls they dislike and some admiring the beauty of the model with the slender waist. The show on which many female contestants enter, exposing their beauty and skills to the viewers and craving to impress the judges with their bony bodies and fresh faces. However, shows like this promote being skinny and attractive and contribute to eating disorders like anorexia within teenage girls. About ninety percent of those who are known to develop anorexia are female, why? Because girls feel pressurized to be thin by shows like Americas Next Top Model and feel that the only way that they will look attractive is by having the characteristics of the models on television. Millions of people can not all be crazy watching reality television, or can they? There are many reasons for watching reality television, some people watch it simply for a laugh to cheer them up, and others watch reality television to admire the beauty of the models and celebrities. However is this all really harmless fun? Teenage girls are becoming influenced by the television and are turning as skinny as sticks, other contestants are completely embarrassed to try something new again due to the insults they received from the strict judges and the taunts and mockery from other people. Nothing in the world is ever perfect; some people love something into to bits while others feel sick at the name of it. The same principal applies to reality television, while some viewers sit all day enjoying themselves watching the humiliation of others there are some viewers who rage with anger while reading the name of a reality television show listed on the television guide. The producers make a huge amount of money from reality television shows, the contestants become famous and the viewers get entertained, everyone is happy. However on the other hand, swearing and violence are shown, teenagers get influenced by all the negativity and many youngsters become lazy in school due to the image in some shows which suggests that no talent is needed to become famous.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Thomas Edison was one of the American investor, scientist as well as a business man who used to develop many devices that greatly influenced life along the world. Thomas is highly recalled by many scientists for his last and a very long-lasting practical of discovering a light bulb. This paper seeks to look in which way Thomas Edison perseverance for over 10,000 attempts reflect on a challenge one overcome through doggedness. Thomas Edison is believed to be a man who was determined and believed in himself, more than many people who cant do that in todays epoch. This can be proved from the non- resulting practical which are been started but as time goes without having any result or the exact result they do give up. Most people will just attempt once, twice or at most thrice and easily give up after this several trials. In his case, Edison was a brilliant inventor as well as been a true optimist. Thomas Edison who was not only believed to be a determined individual but was also known for his persistent and he who most of his time strived for excellence, believed that even if someone could fail a task for several times, It is not time for one to give up or get total discouraged by his or her failure, but instead one should look at each of the failure as a step forward and in the right direction and also towards achieving ones goals. Due to his patience he came up with a light bulb which was awaited for long. After having gone through Thomas history as well as his work of study, have been encouraged in my studies. As a student in the college, have always wanted to excel beyond what was been offered to me in my institution. I do conceder it to be a failure since its large and therefore its cut by our budget and therefore everything we need is not well catered for. These results in my education been limited due to the constraints of the economy budgeting co-ordination. After this realized that thing were not all that straight in my case and therefore i had to look for ways of saving my time since the economic recovery could take time before its brought back to normal. Having put in minds to become a pharmacy, I do take biology but any time I try to attend this classes, am pinned down and I do take this as failure and see as if am not supposed to study in this field of science. My dream and ambitions is to get a degree in Bachelor of Science so as this could let me study pharmacy. This kind of study have at-times stressed me and I just found my self almost giving up on my chosen career but since I have the ambitions which requires me to take this subject, Im falsed to have several other lessons in different classes and this have resulted to this subject becoming the best performed as well dedicates my time in studying it. Most of my semesters I have felt the recognizable smart of failure by not being allowed to grow in my chosen area of study due to limited seating in classes as well as facilities. Recently I have learned that I can do one of two things with my life thus far. I could continue to sulk in my failure and let it consume my entire being like it has been. On the other hand, I could use these unsatisfying situations, like Thomas Edison had used his failed attempts, as a way of having been close to achieving my goals, Today I felt that I have taken a step in the right direction and towards a better future by sticking to my institution having been affected by the budget. I write this essay with the ability to understand that each failure is a step closer to my goal and today I shall walk over my failures with my best foot forward. My education is to me what the light bulb was for Thomas Edison.

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the 1898 War of Independence Essay

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the 1898 War of Independence - Essay Example Cubans used discrimination and the fable of cultural impartiality to repress the Afro-Cubans. In 1868, Liberation for Africans imprisoned in Cuba was a multifaceted procedure that had started on a striking level with the initiation of "The War of Independence" in opposition to its colonist, Spain. Oriente, Cuba, was the focal part of the Independence progress. The War of Independent initiated in October2. The basic, well-liked seize on this occasion sets off like a white landlord and slave proprietor, Carlos Manuel de Cespedes presented a speech identified as the "Grito de Yara", unchained his slaves and integrated them into his unsystematic armed forces as he confirmed battle against the Spanish kingdom. This is a trick that appears to be an attempt to cover Cespedes as a kind and caring white that acquired action as the consequence of being familiar with his natural racial discrimination and having a change of heart in the direction of slavery. Cespedes was born into a famous farm family that had be established their lands in 1517. As Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is well-known as a central character of the War of Independence, his contribution was merely after eastern Cuba's monetary endurance in jeopardy. Additionally to his prominent speech, he right away affirmed anybody inducing slaves to fight back would be punished to death. In Cuba, as there are quite a few Latin American states, white influential dishonesty was founded on fallaciously sustaining the fable of ethnic fairness in the country to seize on to defend the present social constitution of white supremacy. At the same time, the farmer's curiosity in the revolution in opposition to Spain was economic and motivated by selfishness and greediness. The Afro-Cubans were progressively more caught up in a severe attempt on the way to liberty and independence. The white farmers occupied in the revolution postponed sooner than they declared the elimination of slavery in th e rebellious region1. These same influential were unwilling to take in previous slave and free Afro-Cubans into the revolution. However, there was conflict from western and central Cuban farmers due to the elimination and imprisoning the revolution to eastern Cuba.3 The War of Independence ended with the notice of the Pact of Zanjon in 1878. Though, a lot of the Afro-Cuban activists discarded the deal on the floors as it did not achieve the objectives of the revolt which was to finish slavery and attaining sovereignty from Spain. Apart of the disappointment for the revolt was due to the deficiency of thriving union, but it must be cited that the willingness of the United States to trade the most up-to-date armaments to Spain but not to the Cuban revolutionaries did have an impact. One more cause was that some of the revolutionaries, who discarded the agreement, did on the basis of that it was a fake pledge that would not be kept back and time did demonstrated this measurement to be

Pick one topic from the attachment, which includes the description of Essay

Pick one topic from the attachment, which includes the description of what the instructor - Essay Example Like a uniformed police officer shows by his dress that he is a police officer. The most important functions of nonverbal communication is to make the speech more effective, to convey emotions, to show attitude and presentation of one’s personality. According to my observation nonverbal communication is used vastly. Nonverbal communication is compiled with other type of communication to get better results. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in a person’s life. Including me, all the persons I observed used nonverbal communication in their speech. Facial expressions and hand gestures are used during my observation. Most of the persons mixed their facial expressions with gestures. In my observation the nonverbal for the return is a moving hand gesture with thumb pointing backwards and commonly known facial expressions for the joy and sorrow with lips lifted up and down. The nonverbal for compliment is an arm and hand gesture with four fingers pointing upward. The results show that most of the persons use hand gestures, eye movement and facial for the nonverbal communication. Most of the people use gestures as nonverbal communication but chronemics has much importance in a nonverbal communication. Chronemics is the usage of time in a nonverbal communication. Chronemics has two distinct time patterns one is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time. If one thing is done in a single space of time is called monochromic time and if more than one thing is done in a single space of time is referred as polychromic time. Paralanguage is also an important factor of a nonverbal communication. In my observation, I found proxemics a little less important. Haptics is a type of nonverbal communication that utilizes sense of touch. It is more important in interacting with animals and where touch is necessary and in dealing with touch based technological materials. Shake hand is an example of haptic communication. In my observation haptic commun ication is in use from centuries to express a person’s feeling and most people will find them incomplete if they don’t find a person to express their emotion through touch. Posture identifies the attention of a person towards a certain mater or towards a person and in my observation it is the most noted nonverbal communication tool. Gesture is a body movement like a wink, a wave of hand or shake of head. Eye movements are considered a method of nonverbal communication that is used to express emotions, rituals and attitude. Eye movements are used for multiple tasks like to show interest, liking and disliking, attention and the how a person is involved in the other person. There is a need to emphasize more on the nonverbal communication in order to interact with other people more emotionally and show our devotion and dedication towards them. Consider a world without the nonverbal communication, you would found it colorless. Touch, posture and eye movements convey such me ssages that cannot be conveyed easily by utilizing verbal communication. If the nonverbal communication would not there, it would be a difficult task for the baby to identify the love of his mother. Nonverbal communication not only gives a person a sense of love but also a sense of reliability, sense of security, and also a sense of care. We see a police officer and consider that we are secured. We see our mother and consider that someone cares for us. I always prefer to read more about a nonverbal behavior of a person. Nonverbal commun

Women, Religion and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women, Religion and Politics - Essay Example But the religious doctrines often hinder the women from actively participating in politics. A notable example is the women in Arab countries who particularly remain under-represented in parliaments. When the percentage of women constitutes 16.3% across all the parliaments, it is very low in Arab countries. In Iraq women population constitutes 50% while their representation in parliament is only 31%.It may be because of the strict influence of religion on women folk. But there is a remarkable change in Africa and in Latin America where there has been an increase of more than 5 points during the past 10 years. In these countries religious rules are more liberal that enable women to participate actively in politics. The reservations allotted to women in all the parliaments are controversial even now. This is made clear by Gila Stopler when the author states: â€Å"Though modern liberal theory is commonly understood as guaranteeing similar rights to both men and women, I will argue that there exists a tremendous gap between this understanding of liberal theory and the reality of both liberal theory and liberal practice in relation to discrimination against women. A similar gap exists between the liberal attitude toward sex discrimination and the liberal attitude toward racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination.† ... In USA, the Republicans could keep clear view about women, religion and politics. Their female candidate Hillary Clinton launches a contemptuous attack against the current insurance industry in USA .She accuses that the covetous reforms deliberately lying in all reform plans are based on defending their profits. She may be the first lady who publicly attacked any Americans or American industries. In USA we can't find a clear cut margin between US women's religion and politics even though the female candidates of Republican party including Hillary were the followers of Roman Catholic Religion. Structured religion in the world always has been and remains the enemy of women's rights .Roman catholic churches fought with tooth and nail against the developments of woman .Today the most dreadful enemy of women - socially, politically, and economically - is the religious constraints. Even the sexuality of women is under religious scrutiny. Religion overpowered the equal right debate. The Bible establishes women's inferior status, her unseemliness, and the god practiced a master/servant relationship. Even the Bible itself produces the evidence for gender discrimination. Ferrara and Wilson make it clear when they state: "Jesus Christ took the flesh of human nature and made it wholly his own. In the unity of the Church, a Gentile is as much an image of the Jewish Christ as a Jew; a slave is as much the image of the freeborn Christ as a citizen; a woman is as much the image of the male Christ as a man. It is arbitrary to slice up the unities in one way and not in the other. It is a b izarre fixation on gender that requires male body parts to represent Christ. In fact, it is a denial of Jesus' incarnation and resurrection alike to say that women cannot stand in persona

Entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneur Essay Personality traits of an entrepreneur depend on number of factors. There have been various researches and studies in order to understand these factors and the relationship between these factors and entrepreneur personality traits and characteristics. Personality and behavioral factors, environmental factors, action factors, social and cultural factors and political and legal factors impact the personality and characteristics of entrepreneur (Bolton Thompson; 2000, Hayton, J C, Salvato, C and Zahra S A; 2004, Lumpkin, G.  T. Dess, G. G. ; 1996, Sandberg, William R. 1992). According to Robinson and Sexton (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) from a sample of over 181,000 people culled from the 1980 U. S. Census indicated that education is positively related to entrepreneurship and self-employment. In another study conducted by Crant (1996) the research established relationship between the demographic factors like age, sex and family background and entrepreneurship. According to the results of these studies young people are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than people of old age, numbers of males aspiring for entrepreneurship was more than females and people with business family background are more likely to get into entrepreneurship than others. The family support in financial and psychological matters strengthens the efforts towards achieving his goals. Entrepreneur while using family finances for his business becomes more vigilant and careful to the risks and returns. Social and cultural set up is very important in entrepreneurship. According to Barney, Clark, Alvarez (2003 as cited in Hayton, Salvato and Zahra, 2004) â€Å"Furthermore, the kinship-ties that are unique to family firms are believed to have a positive effect upon entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. † In the same work of Hayton, Salvato and Zahra (2004) it is quoted that â€Å"Owner managers also understand that their family firms survival depends on their ability to enter new markets and revitalize existing operations in order to create new businesses (Ward, 1987). In the work of Covin and Miles, (1999) they mentioned the observations of Burgelman, Kosnik, and van den Pol (1988) which refers to the introduction of a new product, process, technology, system, technique, resource, or capability to the firm or its markets. According to Covin and Miles (1999) entrepreneurs can be characterized by their bypass strategies and product market pioneering strategies. While the level of aspirations is partly determined by the level of skills, it is also affected by the values and personality traits of the entrepreneur (Hollenbeck Whitener, 1988; March Simon, 1958). March Simon (1958) also postulated that environment (context) affects aspirations. (Harron and Sapienza, 1992) Harron and Sapienza, (1992) suggested a model which determines interaction between personal values and context and personality traits and context. Numbers of studies have been conducted to understand entrepreneur process and develop a conceptual frame work around it. Krueger and Brazeal (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial potential whereas Naffziger, Hornsby, and Kuratko (1994 as cited by Crant, 1996) studied entrepreneurial motivation. These studies have provided base to other studies conducted to develop conceptual framework and models of entrepreneurial personality traits and characteristics. As cited by Moon (1999) â€Å"Risk-taking here is a strict managerial term discussing the propensity for organizational change and innovative decision-making. † The interview revealed that Paul defines entrepreneurs with their risk taking opportunity exploiting abilities. This is one of the characteristics of personality of an entrepreneur. Paul’s statement support Moon (1999) view regarding risk taking and decision making behavior. Paul appears to be aggressive in his tone and enthusiastic about his work. His risk taking ability is backed by the calculative measures and market studies as he says â€Å"I see the risks that I take being very calculated and not designed to lose money†. Paul utilizes marketing tools for promotion and increase the visibility of his products. In his statement he says â€Å"we’re probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers†. He converted his hobby into his business. This was an area where he has knowledge as well as interest. He is a well educated person. He has gained experience prior to starting his own business. He gives importance to the support he receives from his social system; family and friends. He is persistence with his work, has good planning skills and organized in his work. He is quick in his responses and provides immediate feedback to any kind of change in market place or within their organization. His energy levels and enthusiasm are high. He is very independent and goal oriented. He has a vision and goal and he works in order to achieve his goals. He is very committed to his work. He takes personal initiatives to achieve his objectives. He is very competitive. This can be inferred from his statement that â€Å"we are probably the biggest and we see ourselves as market leaders rather than followers. † He constantly looks for market opportunities and goals.

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Essay

The Nature Of Reference Group Influence Marketing Essay Referent power plays a very important role in marketing communication, following report look in to different influences groups and referent power. How referent power affect one. How affective a referent power is? How a marketer can use it to his advantage. What are the factors which make referent power effective? Different theories have been discussed. This report will be looking critically on evaluating the role of referent power in marketing, evaluate the role it will play in future, and provide a future marketing plan. This report of Referent power and why it can be a potent force for marketing appeals was written as a final assignment for the Consumer Behavior module. Humans are social animals and they always looks to other for appreciation, they want acceptance in the social circle. They identify themselves with some groups and consciously or subconsciously they imitate members of the group to fit in. They try to imitate those qualities by copying the referents behavior. What we think of ourselves is influenced in our social interaction by the reaction of others whose values we share or judgment we respect. Our attire, vehicles we use and career make statements about us, and our behaviors and lifestyles are the presentation of ourselves to our influence groups. By wearing a particular brand T shirt bring us closure to our group. Advertisers have different task while creating a promo or advertising depending on what are their target segment. Marketers use all three major influencing groups before launching a campaign. There are three form of reference group; Informational, normative and identification When an individual is not sure he uses the behavior and opinion of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information and try to copy it. In this case individual may have similarity with the other members of the group or expertise of the member group. So a person sees members of group using the same brand of tea he may decide to try same for Himself because he has evidence that it may be a good brand. Ads which wants to use informational power will quote something like they used it will you? Intelligent people like only one thingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ REFERRENT power is the power of prominent people to affect others consumption behaviors by virtue of product endorsement ( 50 cents for Reebok)(Pic 1.1), distinctive fashion statements On the cover of US Magazine today. Celebrity Baby Jessica Albas little princess, Honor Marie Wearing Ooh La La Mamas FLY SPIRIT onesie). or championing of causes. Campaign began with identifying three major sports figures who had a connection to lung cancer (Troy Aikman, Joe Buck, and Cal Ripken, Jr ( Pic 1.2) To understand this mechanism an example is helpful. Suppose there are two restaurants and a group of people on the street outside deciding which one to eat at. The most well-informed individuals (those with higher precision in making these types of decisions) will decide first and everyone will see some people start to line up outside of one restaurant. If the others know this person is of higher precision (and even if they dont) a few people will follow their lead and join the line. Each new person who lines up outside of the restaurant sends a signal to the rest of the group (and in particular their friends and family) that this is the restaurant to pick. The more people who follow the signal, the stronger it gets and you have an Informational Cascade. Pic 1.2 The idea is presented in rigorous detail in a paper called Theory of fads, Fashion, Custom and Cultural Change as Informational cascades written by Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch and published in 1992. To paraphrase: An informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an individual, having observed the actions of those ahead of him to follow the behavior of the preceding individual without regard to his own informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The prediction that a low-precision individual imitates a higher-precision predecessor is consistent with the evidence of numerous psychological experiments demonstrating that a subjects previous failure in a task raises the probability that in further trials he will imitate a model performing the task (see Thelen, Dollinger, and Kirkland 1979, p. 146)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reference group doesnt have equal power for all types of products and consumption activities. Question is does consumers search rationally or it depends on NEED It has been seen that search is more in consumers who are moderately knowledgeable, when the product is low in perceived risk. There are two dimension that influence the degree to which referent power can work they are whether the purchase is to be consumed publicly or privately and whether its luxury or a necessity. Referent has more power over purchase which re for luxury rather than necessity and second important place where we can see the referent power is when the purchase is socially visible to other(William.,O, et al,1982) Referent power is inferred to the influencer by their subordinates. Project team members who have a great deal of respect and high regard for their project managers willingly go along with decisions made by the project manager because of referent power. If one admires the quality of a person or a group will try to imitate by copying referent behavior Prominent people celebrities can affect peoples consumption behavior by virtue of product endorsement, fashion statements or championing cause . referent power is important to many marketing strategies because consumers voluntarily change to please or identify with a referent 3.2. Normative influence Also known as utilitarian influence, occurs when an individual follows group expectation to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction ( Fischer et al, 1998). You may purchase one brand of beer to win acceptance by a friend or wont wear one particular brand for of teasing by friend. This influence is directly related with the bond of a person with its group Strongest the bond strong will be the influence. Mostly younger consumer are powered by this influence. A teenager starts smoking under this influence. 3.3. Identification Influence Also known as value-expressive influence, occur when consumer has adopted all values and attitude of group and identify himself with the. Here to influence advertiser will show the brand being used by socially active group It has been seen that teenagers and young one get influenced by this groups as they live under peer pressure(Auty,s.2001) You will hear in super market a child convincing his mother to buy a particular brand of cereals cause His friends use it , or a particular brand of shoes because his friends told him they are the best. It is these influence which leads them to cigarettes alcohol consumption influence as well. These influences can be used directly or indirectly by the marketer. Many researcher have researchers have come to conclusion lineage is also a very important factor where mother daughter and sisters will use the same brand and will have same shopping pattern (Miller, 1975; Moore-Shay and Lutz, 1988). .4. Celebrity as a referent power in advertising Celebrities like movie stars, sports person, Television stars help grab attention and communicate easily with consumers who admire them or wants to be like them. Its also known as ubiquitous feature of modern Marketing ( Mc Cracken, 1989), and approximately 20 percent of all promotions and advertisement uses use some type of celebrity endorsement (Bradley, 1996) . Marketers spends huge amount of money on celebrity contract on the belief that celebrity are effective spokesperson for their product or brand. Its very common that one celebrity becomes identity of one particular brand or product but in some cases more than one celebrity are being used. Like Pepsi uses superstar Shahrukh khan for his brand promo. Selection of a celebrity is very important characteristics of celebrity should match up with the brand to communicate effectiveness.( Kahle, Homer, 1985),Some companies used multiple celebrities to communicate. In the context of celebrity endorsement advertisement consumer may ask whether endorsers are promoting the product because she really believe in it? Or just because she has been paid to promote it. Its the attributes of celebrity which should match with perception of consumer. Thus sometime using multiple celebrities to endorse the product may help the product to reach the consumer (Mowen and Brown, 1981). Market also assumes that to reach target audience the celebrity should be like the consumer. Celebrity should have credibility attractiveness, Integrity and the main thing Plausibility he/ she behaves as referent influence, if referent Is not plausible it will not be effective . Here referent will be effective and will hold power by their influence as they are aspiration ass ociate group. Celebrities with a bigger Halo will have bigger effect. Despite more and more celebrity are pitched in, many commercials using celebrity endorsers do not live up to the expectations (Miciak and Shanklin, 1994). However, if used appropriately, celebrity endorsers can play a very important role in developing brand equity and enhancing a brands competitive position. Like Andre Agassi fits well with, and enhances, the image of Canons Rebel line of cameras. And Nike and Michael Jordon are synonymous when one thinks of Jordon they think of Nike, they have become part of each other. Before endorsing a product with particular celebrity marketer should do research that how well the celebrity and the brand belong together and how celebrity represent the product.. If there is great ease and relation of brand an d celebrity they get more quickly develop an association. 5. Degree of Reference Group Influence If one sees critically around us we can clearly sees that consumer does not decide abruptly. Referent power of any kind is always playing at the back of his mind. It suggest that rational persuasion, inspirational appeals are effective in influencing final decision(Farrell and Schroder(1996).while the influence of personal appeals, coalition or any kind of pressure were ineffective in any decision outcome( Case etal., 1988). So one can say that things which does not personally appeal or internalize favorable attitude one are not effective or will not have a very strong motivation in buying behavior. As it is well said Power is the ability to effect change (Kohli and Zaltman, 1988.,Ghoneim, 1987) These influencing power can be used by marketer A number of authors have well said that power is the ability to effect changes. Conversely, power bases depends on the characteristics of an individual that afford Referent power will have different impact on different people in different situation, or may be the category of the product used, or the brand used As the purchase is done to influence the group, the product or brand should be visible, for example product like watch, shoes, here product category ( watch), and brand (Swatch) are all visible. The consumption of some tonic is private .Referent power is quite visible when the product is visible to the group and he get accepted or appreciated in the group for his buy. High involvement Low involvement Significant Differences between brands Complex buying behavior Variety- seeking buying behavior Few Differens between brands Dissonance-reducing Buying behavior Habitual buying behavior (Table 5.1) If the need is high there is less power of referent for example when one want to buy a microwave. Reference group influence will be higher if one wants to buy things which is less necessary e.g. in buying clothes or in simple words on can say that decision to buy toothpaste tennis racket, a personal computer, a refrigetor are all very different. Expensive and complex purchase or things which involve more knowledge involve more participant and more suggestion from peer are taken.( Table 5.1)( Henry 1987) Relationship, bondage of of an individual with the group is another very important criteria which can affect on purchasing decision. More one feels committed to the group more he get influence by the referent power . One will be more careful when in dressing up when joining a group whom he wants to influence than when he wants to go for dinner with group he doesnt feel related or committed. It also depends on activity in which individual is involve with a group , How relevant is the activity for example going for office dinner is more important than going out with your friend for a match. There is clear evidence that individual differ in tendency in getting powered by influence (keillor et al,1996)Reference influence is also related to a reward or punishments, reward may be in the form of acceptance in the group, promotion gain trust with your peer and punishments may be in the form of rejection or hatred. In preteen group it may be severe and of social consequences. So to it can be said that referent power should have authority to implement both. We can still argue that referent power should not misuse legal power or illegally pressurize as he might use credibility Refrent power is someone which is look upon by individual and if it loses credibility and trust power will be gone. So we can say that the greater the referent power, the lower the use of legitimate pressure (Farell et al.,1999). In this context its interesting to know about the balance theory (Heider, 1946) Every individual have some preconceived ideas and perception which remain at his subconscious level. And while purchasing it plays a very important role. The greatest power one has over other is when one is sufficiently intimate to permit other to facilitate, because the relation between influencer and consumer is cohesive. Referent power involvement Lets take an example I want to purchase a very expensive notebook I have seen advertisement of Dell, hp and Acer now I m confuse I want to buy something g which is very important but I dont have much knowledge what will I do I will not just go an d purchase it from the counter I will go to one of my friend or family member who has knowledge about it I will involve his opinion. But if at the same time I m hungry and I want to buy a packet of biscuit I will just go to the supermarket and choose any packet or may be the one I have been using from the shelf I would not involve others and take opinion from others for purchasing a pack of biscuit. So opinion leader are needed where there is high purchase involve with no knowledge of product while when low purchase involvement is there I wont take any opinion even if I have less knowledge( Table 1.1) PRODUCT/ PURCHASE INVOLVEMENT Product knowledge High Product knowledge Low HIGH Moderate High Low Low Moderate (Table 6.1) Consumers, especially gen X, tend to follow their peer what they feel trendy and worn by the `in crowd (Agins 1999; Spiegler 1996). Here we can see their deep-seated willingness and thirst to belong, often becoming image- and brand-conscious consumers. Now `what is trendy is what they drive from word-of-mouth communications. Retail Entrepreneur of the Year, Anne Yuri Namba, has found to be quoted as that her home business was initiated and stimulated entirely by word of mouth. As her fame spread, so did the demand for her unusual, highly distinctive fashions (Chain Store Age 2000). Marcus (1999) reported that word of mouth plays an very important role along with demographic information when decisions are made in the fashion industry. One can say, fashion demand may be generated by the simultaneous presence of local externalities and word-of-mouth communication (Corneo and Olivier 1999).Individual sharing information about with other highly target consumer plays a very critical role o n consumer decision and market success. Our friends and relatives are the main source of information, when we are in group we observe their styles, what product they use or by directly asking the opinion. One research shown that half of American agrees that that they often seeks advice of others before making any purchase and 40% feel that people come to them for advice. (Walkes, p 40). The internet has changed the term a little now it can be called Word Of Internet. Where one seek advice from a complete stranger. There are some individual who actively filter, interpret, or provide brand or product information to their family and friends, They are called opinion Leaders they play very strong referent power influence over other WE just cant credit only referent power involved in purchasing decision of an individual we cant pass anything to them making it look like their group or brand image Research have shown that decision to purchase particular product is also influenced by the image and credibility of the companies that market and manufacture consumer products (Lafferty and Goldsmith 1999). If the company is positively portrayed, and has a good image consumers generally maintain a positive disposition toward the company and its products. However, if the company has some rumor some ethical or cultural issues in the backyard , less favorable feelings may subsequently influence whether consumers decide to purchase the companys products (Lee and Bernstein 2000; Ligos 1999). How Much Does It affect During 1996 one rumored was spread about Tommy Hilfiger, stating that company had made some bad remarks African-Americans and Asian which were their core clients. The rumor was mostly on internet. Hilfiger websites denied the rumor completely and there was call to was call to boycott Tommy Hilfiger clothing, especially in the African-American. T The strength and persistence of the strength of rumor suggested that it will affect the sale of brand in African-American market African-American magazine telling them not to buy who doesnt respect ( Graves 1998) here the referent power was internet, mouth to mouth and magazine community, the whole impact was studied and recorded( kImberly 2001) One implication of these recordings was that the staying power of the rumors had eventually harm sales of the Tommy Hilfiger brand in a core target market. Wall street Journal article reported a 28 per cent decrease in sales for the Tommy Hilfiger company (Agins 2001). Company denied the rumored took African-American model and try to recapture the market and used integrated marketing scheme strategically. In retail market consumer is very important and referent power play a very important role Thus retail clothing market should take careful measurements to track their image all designers, regardless of popularity, must follow up their image a nd communications with their consumers. In one of the similar case Reebok has been forced to clarify itself for more than a decade against a rumor that company produce its products in South Africa and supported apartheid ( Turnet 1992). Initially company didnt take much notice and didnt think much of it but later company suffered protests and boycotts and then company has to come out its forceful campaign `Reebok is NOT in South Africa (Kazi-Ferrouillet 1990). And till now company addressed the issue on its website (Reebok.com) Referent influence has been examined in the context of consumer vulnerability to interpersonal influence (Bearden et al., 1989) where influence is the extent to which an individuals consumer choices are influenced by other people. In impulse buying its the cognitive behavior which is seen where a consumer cannot get the information from any one so He doesnt come under informational power but high level of normative influence comes in existence and affect the purchase decision, thus we can say that normative consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence is positively related to the affective component of impulse buying. When will it effect We have to understand stages in purchasing decision of a buyers Information search Refrent group Internet search promo Check option Pricing Brand image Purchase decisions He decide to purchase Need Awareness May be prompted by marketing Post buying behavior, Reinforcement from media friends (Diagram 8.1) Stages of Consumer Buying Behavior 1. Need Awareness: A need may arise or been establish by promotion of a companys marketing. Refrent power here may or may not be very influential 2. Information Search: Buyers search and ask Internet has made research easier for buyers. He may read on websites of different company .Here referent power play a very important role. As he is seeking the information company may use its influence with promos, handout an updated websites or trial samples distribution 3. Check Options: Once information is collected customer will evaluate all option he will search for price and company credibility.. 4. Purchase Decision: The last step just sell and close the deals at this moment any influencing may harm. If he is still hesitant u can still recommend and help your buyers for the best deal .5. Post Buying Behavior: Todays marketer knows very well that to keep loyalty of a customer is very important as now he himself will be a referent power over the other potential buyers. Even at this stage any negative reinforcement will bring remorse and he may not recommend it to others. Influence of referent power also depends on at what stage is a brand once a brand mature its brand image itself is good referent power but at introduction stage a company needs good referent power. 9. Conclusion Referent power is very effective in certain cases and marketer should use that power but at the same time they should keep in mind that for that power to be influential they have to keep certain points in mind Referent power to be effective should bring a connection with the consumer, or he should look up to it or relate to him Message used by referent power should be used as simple as possible it should not be complex or confusing Celebrity power will be more effective if used repeatedly as it strengthen the relationship of brand with that celebrity and so it brings trust in the target audience When choosing a celebrity marketer should be careful that he is already not strongly associated to some other brand or services, but nothing comes without a drawback. If celebrity or your referent power get into negative publicity it brings down with him the product. A wrong selection will tarnish the whole image Referent power is effective if your target audience is young and not much knowledgeable about the brand or product. Its more affective on one who does not have much knowledge and have low self image It so one can say its most effective with children. Referent power does not only influence at the time of purchasing but also post purchasing as after purchasing a product Consumer look at his influence group for appreciation and even any negative comment at that stage will disheartened him and He may not buy the product again A company should not try to play its own trumpet but can bring trust and credibility through awards, media or testimonials of other customers Make a purchase an happy ending for him offer him warranty period or an extended trial period will help in Him becoming a potential referent power over other buyers